[64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Sareesh et al. 2006;27:295306. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Phot J. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? PubMed Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Rev Environ Health. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. J Neurosci. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Microwave Health Effects Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Mortazavi et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Zhang et al. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Article Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Gene. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 2010;86:37683. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Exp Neurobiol. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. 2004;115:1490505. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Article PubMed CAS Bioelectromagnetics. 2013;42:428. California Privacy Statement, [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Int J Radiat Biol. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Richter et al. Behav Brain Res. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 1996;180:917. 2009;63:10106. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Article millimeter, or equivalently. 2005;161:52635. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 2015;28:1324. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Interphone study group. 2000;11:16413. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 2015;91:42634. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Clinics. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Cookies policy. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. 2011;18:32533. 2010;3:4650. 2002;13:11921. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. 2006;98:170713. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 2014;90:2935. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Neurosci Lett. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2007;34:146779. J Natl Cancer Inst. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 2013;34:26474. Mack et al. Int J Occup Environ Health. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2003;14:2436. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Int J Radiat Biol. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. 1990;39:13543. 2004;25:4957. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. 2003;140:147. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. J Environ Health. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 1992;49:1818. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . CAS Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. 1997;44:99104. PubMed Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Int J Radiat Biol. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2013;17:711. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2017;38:106976. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. PubMed biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Military Medical Research Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Surg Neurol. Biomed Environ Sci. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Wang et al. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. The effects are usually . Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Neurosci Lett. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2012;31:25074. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus Article Electromagn Biol Med. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Cassel et al. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 2 Researchers have been working. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Gold PE. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006;5:389. PLoS One. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. 2002;64:31353. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Neuroscience. daily life. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. 2015;91:30611. Ann N Y Acad Sci. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. PubMed 1984;5:6370. Joubert et al. 2015;56:2618. Behav Brain Res. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets.
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